Jack Steinberger

I remember Nazi election propaganda posters showing a hateful Jewish face with crooked nose.

I survived only a year in Berkeley, partly because I declined to sign the anticommunist loyalty oath.

In 1934, the American Jewish charities offered to find homes for 300 German refugee children. We were on the SS Washington, bound for New York, Christmas 1934.

In the evenings I studied chemistry at the University of Chicago, the weekends I helped in the family store.

In 1933, the Nazis came to power and the more systematic persecution of the Jews followed quickly. Laws were enacted which excluded Jewish children from higher education in public schools.

I studied chemical engineering. I was a good student, but these were the hard times of the depression, my scholarship came to an end, and it was necessary to work to supplement the family income.

I had no new ideas on the physics we might learn, and I could not compete with the younger generation.