I learned many things from Professor Brown, including his philosophy toward research, but there is one thing he said that I recall with particular clarity: 'Do research that will be in the textbooks.' It is not easy to do such work, but this has remained my motto.

Carbon-carbon bond formation reactions are important processes in chemistry because they provide key steps in building complex, bio-active molecules developed as medicines and agrochemicals.

Our case, we used the organometallic compounds. Additionally, we need one important element, that is base. Without base, the acidic coupling reaction using organoboron compounds cannot proceed nicely. So, that is very important point in our cross-coupling reaction.

The coupling of aryl halides with copper at very high temperature is called the Ullmann reaction, which is of broad scope and has been used to prepare many symmetrical biaryls. However, when a mixture of two different aryl halides is used, there are three possible biaryl products.